03. NMN and NAD+
NMN, the full name of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide, is a naturally occurring biologically active nucleotide and is a vitamin B3 derivative. It exists in small amounts in many foods, but the content is extremely low. Simply relying on food intake cannot achieve the effect of supplementing NMN.
Cauliflower and cabbage contain 0.25-1.12mg and 0.9mg NMN per 100g respectively; avocado and tomato contain 0.36-1.6mg and 0.26-0.3mg NMN per 100g respectively, while raw beef only contains 0.06-0.42mg per 100g. NMN.
In the human body, NMN is the most direct precursor of NAD+, which means it can generate NAD+, and its function is mainly reflected by NAD+.NAD+, also called coenzyme I, is a coenzyme for many catalytic enzymes in the body and is present in every cell and participates in thousands of reactions.
It is an important coenzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, promotes the metabolism of sugar, fat, and amino acids, and participates in the synthesis of energy. The mitochondria in every cell of our body rely on these coenzymes to provide energy for all basic functions.
NAD+ not only plays a key molecule in energy metabolism pathways, but is also a crucial substrate in DNA repair.
04. DNA repair effect of NAD+
In 2015, three scientists who studied DNA repair mechanisms – Thomas Lindahl, Paul Modric and Aziz Sansal – won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.Their research revealed the relationship between NAD+, longevity proteins Sirtuins, DNA repair enzyme PARP, and cell repair.First, NAD+ can serve as a substrate to participate in DNA repair by activating PARP and Sirtuins.
PARP, poly ADP ribose polymerase, is closely related to DNA repair and has the function of sensing DNA damage. It is activated after recognizing the structural damage of DNA fragments.
Sirtuins, acetylase, are known as “longevity proteins” and play an important role in DNA repair and cell metabolism after DNA damage. With NAD+, PARP and Sirtuins can play their corresponding roles. When cells are in the process of DNA repair, they need to synthesize a large amount of NAD+ to maintain a balance between supply and demand.
As co-consumers of NAD+, Sirtuins and PARP are interdependent, regulate each other, and work together to participate in DNA repair or apoptosis:
After DNA is oxidatively damaged, PARP is activated. PARP repairs damaged DNA fragments by consuming NAD+. SIRT6 directly participates in base excision repair and DNA double-strand break repair. When NAD+ is depleted, SIRT1 is stimulated, directly leading to cell apoptosis.
05. Timely replenishment of NAD+ is the key
Studies have found that NAD+ levels steadily decay with age. Starting from the age of 30, the NAD+ level of a person’s body will show a downward trend as the person ages. At age 60, NAD+ levels are less than a quarter of those in younger people.This means that after the age of 60, many biochemical metabolic reactions in the human body cannot be carried out efficiently, so health problems increase as we age. Timely restoration of NAD+ levels can promote health and extend lifespan.
However, NAD+ cannot be directly replenished orally. The molecular weight of NAD+ is too large to be directly absorbed by the human body. In addition, the activity is too high and the molecules are unstable, making it difficult to synthesize artificially.Therefore, currently, NAD+ supplementation mainly relies on NAD+ precursor substances.
As mentioned before, NMN is the most direct precursor for the synthesis of NAD+. NMN supplementation can quickly replenish NAD+ in the body, and studies have confirmed that NMN supplementation can extend telomeres and repair DNA in mice.It is structurally similar to other precursors of NAD+, such as nicotinamide ribose (NR), nicotinic acid (NA) and nicotinamide (NAM), all containing a pyridine ring structure.However, niacin (NA) and nicotinamide (NAM) have some disadvantages in application. For example, nicotinamide can cause nausea and blushing. Niacinamide has also been reported to cause liver toxicity when taken in high doses.
Currently, the only human clinical trial of NMN that has published results has proven that a single oral administration of 100, 250, or 500 mg of NMN will not cause side effects such as blushing or gastrointestinal reactions, and NMN will be efficiently metabolized by the human body without causing any obvious symptoms. harmful effects.
Therefore, oral administration of NMN is considered the best way to supplement NAD+. Timely supplementation of NMN can restore the NAD+ content in the body to the level of youth and restore body functions to youth.
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Post time: Mar-22-2024
